Elizabeth Blackwell
Senior Division
History Day 2015
When I began exploring my options for History Day 2015, I knew I wanted to do a topic related to feminism and medicine, so I selected Elizabeth Blackwell. While researching, I used a lot of databases, and relied heavily on Blackwell’s autobiographical sketches, which I checked out from Wilson library at the University of Minnesota. My understanding of Elizabeth Blackwell has changed significantly from the beginning of my project. I know now that when Blackwell started out, she was not attempting to change the face of medicine, or even make great strides forward for the feminist cause. She became a doctor because she felt that there was a serious need for female doctors in a world where men dominated the medical field. She saw an opening, and thought that she would be a great fit, so she pursued, despite facing massive unrest and disapproval.
I chose to create a website for my History Day project because it could easily show not only Elizabeth Blackwell’s career, but also the multi-faceted movement of women in medicine. I felt that a website would be the best fit for showing the cause and effects of Elizabeth Blackwell’s contributions to medicine in an easy to edit and change format.
My topic relates to the theme, “Leadership and Legacy in History” because Elizabeth Blackwell was the main leader of the movement of women in medicine, and left a legacy of inspiring other women to become doctors and other scientific and medical professionals in a time when the medical profession was dominated by men. She did not set out to be a leader in the beginning of her medical career, but because of her persistence in getting into medical school and her defiance of the widely accepted view that women would not make good doctors, she inspired other women to follow in her path. She also inspired men to see women as capable of becoming doctors, at a time when doing so was unheard of. By this inspiration of such important ideas and revolutionary movements, Elizabeth Blackwell was a leader that left the world significantly changed. Blackwell’s legacy is that significantly changed world: a world in which women can enter medical schools and not have to fear being turned down because of such a trivial thing as gender.
Elizabeth Blackwell is important in history because she brought about a new era in medicine and because of this, today the number of female doctors is almost equivalent to the number of male doctors. Her efforts were the beginnings of a movement that would change the culture and social norms of the entire world.
Primary
Anthony, Susan B. "The Status Of Woman, Past, Present, And Future." Status Of Woman, Past, Present, & Future (2009): 901. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
This is a letter by Susan B Anthony about women in society, and how people like Elizabeth Blackwell are working to improve women's lives. This will help me to see the bigger movement Elizabeth Blackwell was a part of, and provide some information on her legacy.
Blackwell,Elizabeth. "Pioneer work in opening the medical profession to women". Schocken Books (1977).
This is a book of autobiographical sketches written by Elizabeth Blackwell. This will help me to have a firsthand account of her life, with a specific focus on her career in medicine. This source was crucial to my understanding of Elizabeth Blackwell and her life because it provided a clear view of all of her thoughts and actions.
Blackwell, Elizabeth. and Haydock, Robert. and Lollines, Stacy. "First annual report of the new york dispensary for poor women and children." (1855).
This is a report on the successes and failures of the dispensary which Blackwell helped found. This provides me with evidence about Blackwell's actual medical work.
Blackwell, Elizabeth. "The laws of life with special reference to the physical education of girls: women and children first; 16." Garland publishing, inc. (1986).
This is a set of lectures given to a group of women students by Elizabeth Blackwell on the importance of physical education. This will help me to get a firsthand view of Blakwell's opinions and views.
"Elizabeth Blackwell, First Female Physician." Medicine, Health, and Bioethics: Essential Primary Sources. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 208-210. Biography in Context. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
This is a speech presented by Charles Alfred Lee to the graduating class of Geneva Medical School. He mentions Elizabeth Blackwell specifically. This will help me to get a view of how people of her own time viewed Elizabeth Blackwell. This shows the momentous significance Blackwell's graduation had.
"Elizabeth Blackwell's letter to Baroness Anne Isabella Milbanke Byron." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 18 Dec. 2014.
This is a letter by Elizabeth aback well to Anne Isabella Milbanke about women's rights. This will help me to get a better view of the Blackwell's opinions, directly from her.
"Elizabeth Blackwell: quote on women." Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 18 Dec. 2014.
This quote from Elizabeth Blackwell will help me to gain insight to her opinions on women, especially women in medicine.
St. Paul daily globe. (Saint Paul, Minn.), 01 May 1892. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90059522/1892-05-01/ed-1/seq-13/>
This is a newspaper documenting the accomplishments of Elizabeth Blackwell. This will help me to see the impact of Blackwell's career in a region that was not her own.
The commoner. (Lincoln, Neb.), 08 Aug. 1902. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/46032385/1902-08-08/ed-1/seq-9/>
This is a newspaper containing a story about Elizabeth Blackwell.
The Wichita daily eagle. (Wichita, Kan.), 26 April 1903. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014635/1903-04-26/ed-1/seq-22/>
This is a newspaper article detailing the life of Elizabeth Blackwell.
Secondary
"Blackwell, Elizabeth." Britannica Biographies (2012): 1. MAS Ultra - School Edition. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.
This is a general biography of Elizabeth Blackwell. This will help me to compare and contrast the different vantage points several authors have taken on her life, when compared to the other biographies that I have collected.
"Blackwell, Elizabeth (1821-1910)." Scientists: Their Lives and Works. Online ed. Detroit: U*X*L, 2006. Discovering Collection. Gale. De La Salle High School. 12 Dec. 2014
This is a biographical article on Elizabeth Blackwell, which outlines the major events of her life, with a specific focus on what events and things related to her life add to her legacy. This will help me to fully develop my project with regards to Elizabeth Blackwell's legacy.
Borst, Charlotte G., and Kathleen W. Jones. "As Patients And Healers: The History Of Women And Medicine." OAH Magazine Of History 19.5 (n.d.): 23. Science Reference Center. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.\
This is a magazine article which focuses on the history of women in medicine. This will help me to get a broad and general knowledge of not only Elizabeth Blackwell, but also other women in medicine.
Boyd, Julia. "Florence Nightingale And Elizabeth Blackwell." Lancet 373.9674 (2009): 1516. Advanced Placement Source. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.
This article recounts the achievements of Florence Nightingale and Elizabeth Blackwell. This will be very useful to my topic because Florence Nightingale and Elizabeth Blackwell were two women dong similar things during the time of the Civil war. This will help me to compare the two of them, and then come to a better understanding about what information about Elizabeth Blackwell is the most unique and relevant to my project.
De Angelis, Gina. "Chapter 1: ELIZABETH BLACKWELL." Science & Medicine (0791051439) (1999): 10. Science Reference Center. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
This is an article originally found in a Science and Medicine textbook which looks at the life of Elizabeth Blackwell, and also the impact she had on the movement of women in medicine.
"Elizabeth Blackwell." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (2013): 1. MAS Ultra - School Edition. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.
This is an encyclopedia reference of Elizabeth Blackwell and her life. It will help me to gauge the amount of information the average person knows about her, and how I can expand from that to create a better rounded project.
"Elizabeth Blackwell." Contemporary Heroes and Heroines. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale, 2000. Biography in Context. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
This is another broad biographic article on Elizabeth Blackwell. It is another good article for me to start with, as it will help me to learn the key facts of Elizabeth Blackwell's life.
"Elizabeth Blackwell." World of Health. Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
This is an overview and biographical article of Elizabeth Blackwell. This helped me to get a good general understanding of the timeline of her life.
Haven, Kendall F. Voices Of The American Civil War : Stories Of Men, Women, And Children Who Lived Through The War Between The States. Greenwood Village, Colo: Libraries Unlimited/Teacher Ideas Press, 2002. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
This is a book which features the explores the lives of many people in the Civil War. Elizabeth Blackwell is included in several parts of the book. This book will help to gain a bigger perspective of not only the women's movement in the Civil War, but also the Civil War in general.
Kirschmann, Anne Taylor. "A Vital Force : Women In American Homeopathy". New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2004. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
This is a book that outlines the importance of women in medicine. This source is important to my project, because it focuses specifically on the scientific and moral views of Elizabeth Blackwell, which will help to focus specifically on her importance.
Radloff, Leslie Greaves. "Who Says Women Can't Be Doctors? The Story Of Elizabeth Blackwell." Library Media Connection 32.2 (2013): 88.Advanced Placement Source. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.
This is a review of a book about the life of Elizabeth Blackwell. It takes into account the historical accuracy of the book, and will help me to get a better understanding of the general accuracy of information about Elizabeth Blackwell.
Rebman, Renee C. "Elizabeth Blackwell: The First Woman Physician." Plays - The Drama Magazine For Young People 55.7 (1996): 53. MAS Ultra - School Edition. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.
This is a play based on the life of Elizabeth Blackwell. It will help me to view her life and accomplishments from the point of a more secular and entertaining view
Robertson, James I., ed. Medical and Surgical History of the Civil War. Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1991; Schultz, Jane E. Women at the Front: Hospital Workers in Civil War America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
This is an article about military hospitals in the Civil war. This will help me to get a better understanding of the medical environment and culture of Elizabeth Blackwell's time.
Simonis, Doris A., and Caroline Hertzenberg. Scientists, Mathematicians, And Inventors : Lives And Legacies: An Encyclopedia Of People Who Changed The World. Phoenix, Ariz: Oryx Press, 1999. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
This is a book is an Encyclopedia of influential people in the world. This book will help me to see Elizabeth Blackwell's influence in comparison to other influential people of he time period.
Smith, Stephens. "The medical co-education of the sexes." (1892).
This is a brief commentary on the introduction of women to medicine. This will help me to see the beginnings of women in medicine from a civil war era man's point of view.
Tabor, Margaret E. "Pioneer women". Series two. Sheldon Press: (1927)
This is a book which recounts the medical careers of Elizabeth Blackwell and other women within the Civil war timeframe. This will help me to learn more about other women physicians of Blackwell's time.
Wayne, Tiffany K. "Women in Medicine." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 18 Dec. 2014.
This is an article about Women in Medicine. This will help me to get a greater overview of the time period, and the movement overall.
Weissmann, Gerald. "Women Will Not Be What They Are Now"--Elizabeth Blackwell Breaks The Bonds." FASEB Journal 21.9 (2007): 1943-1947. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Dec. 2014.
This is an article about Elizabeth Blackwell's legacy. This will help me to have a more rounded view of her legacy. This article also includes quotes from Blackwell, which will help me to get a good view of her personality.
Images
"A drawing shows Elizabeth Blackwell during n operating class at the Women's Hospital and Infirmary..." Medicine, Health, and Bioethics: Essential Primary Sources. Ed.K.Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Web. 14 Feb. 2015.
This is a drawing by someone observing a class at the Women's hospital created of Elizabeth Blackwell and the class.
"Anatomical lectures at the woman's medial Cleve of the New York infirmary, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, April 16, 1870." National Library of Medicine. Changing the face of medicine gallery. Retrieved from: https://www.hlm.nih.gov/chagingthefaceofmedicine/gallery/photo_35_2.html
This is a drawing of a class at the hospital Elizabeth Blackwell started.
"Anti-Slavery Poster". HistoryMartinez.Wordpres.com. Antebellum Reform, Abolitionist&Women's movements (PowerPoint). Retrieved from: https://history martinet.wordpress.com/2011/12/09/antebellum-reform-abolitionit-womens-movements-PowerPoint/
This is an anti-slavery poster, advertising an abolitionist meeting. I can use this to show what antebellum America was like.
"Elizabeth Blackwell." Photos/Illustrations. Library of Congress. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 18 Dec. 2014.
This is a picture of Elizabeth Blackwell, that I can use in my project as a visual aspect.
"Elizabeth Blackwell." Gale Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Biography in Context. Web. 14 Feb. 2015.
This is a photo of Elizabeth Blackwell in her older years. I can use this picture to show Blackwell's legacy.
"Elizabeth Blackwell and her adopted daughter Kitty, ca. 1905". National Library of Medicine. Changing the face of medicine gallery. Retrieved from: https://www.hlm.nih.gov/chagingthefaceofmedicine/gallery/photo_35_6.html
This is an image of Blackwell an her adopted daughter.
"Elizabeth Blackwell and her daughter Katherine 'Kitty' Barry Blacwell at home in the study, ca. 1905". National Library of Medicine. Changing the face of medicine gallery. Retrieved from: https://www.hlm.nih.gov/chagingthefaceofmedicine/gallery/photo_35_4.html
This is an image of Blackwell and her daughter.
"Elizabeth Blackwell, ca. 1855." National Library of Medicine. Changing the face of medicine gallery. Retrieved from:https://www.hlm.nih.gov/chagingthefaceofmedicine/gallery/photo_35_7.html
This is an image of Elizabeth Blackwell. I can use this as a visual aspect of my website.
"Elizabeth Blackwell, Circa 1850." Gale Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Web. 14 Feb. 2015.
This is a picture of Elizabeth Blackwell early in her career.
"Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D." National Library of Medicine. Changing the face of medicine gallery. Retrieved from: https://www.hlm.nih.gov/chagingthefaceofmedicine/gallery/photo_35_1.html
This is an image of Elizabeth Blackwell I can I can use for my website.
"Geneva Medical College". Geneva Medical College.wikipedia.org. Retrieved from: https://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Medical_College.html
This is a drawing of Geneva medical college.
"La maternite de Paris" Delauny, Paul. Paris: Jules Rousset, 1909. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/Blackwell/career.html.
This is an image of the school Blackwell attended in Paris.
"St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London." National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/Blackwell/career.html.
This is a picture of the hospital Blackwell worked and learned at in London.
"The anatomy lecture room at the Woman's Medical College of New York Infirmary." National Library of Medicine. Library of Congress. 16, April 1870. Retrieved from: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/Blackwell/career.html.
This is drawing of the anatomy lecture room.
"The Blackwell Family, 1907". National Library of Medicine. Changing the face of medicine gallery. Retrieved from:https://www.hlm.nih.gov/chagingthefaceofmedicine/gallery/photo_35_3.html
This is a picture of the Blackwell family.
"The Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary. [Announcement, 1868-1869] New York, 1868" National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/Blackwell/career.html.
This is the flyer of the announcement of the Woman's Medical College.
"Women rights movement." HistoryMartinez.Wordpres.com. Antebellum Reform, Abolitionist&Women's movements (PowerPoint). Retrieved from: https://history martinet.wordpress.com/2011/12/09/antebellum-reform-abolitionit-womens-movements-PowerPoint/
This is a picture of women in the women's rights movement. I can use this to show what antebellum America was like.
Audio
"Beethoven: Moonlight Sonata, movement 1" A-M Classical Music. Retrieved from: http://www.amclassical.com/piano/
Senior Division
History Day 2015
When I began exploring my options for History Day 2015, I knew I wanted to do a topic related to feminism and medicine, so I selected Elizabeth Blackwell. While researching, I used a lot of databases, and relied heavily on Blackwell’s autobiographical sketches, which I checked out from Wilson library at the University of Minnesota. My understanding of Elizabeth Blackwell has changed significantly from the beginning of my project. I know now that when Blackwell started out, she was not attempting to change the face of medicine, or even make great strides forward for the feminist cause. She became a doctor because she felt that there was a serious need for female doctors in a world where men dominated the medical field. She saw an opening, and thought that she would be a great fit, so she pursued, despite facing massive unrest and disapproval.
I chose to create a website for my History Day project because it could easily show not only Elizabeth Blackwell’s career, but also the multi-faceted movement of women in medicine. I felt that a website would be the best fit for showing the cause and effects of Elizabeth Blackwell’s contributions to medicine in an easy to edit and change format.
My topic relates to the theme, “Leadership and Legacy in History” because Elizabeth Blackwell was the main leader of the movement of women in medicine, and left a legacy of inspiring other women to become doctors and other scientific and medical professionals in a time when the medical profession was dominated by men. She did not set out to be a leader in the beginning of her medical career, but because of her persistence in getting into medical school and her defiance of the widely accepted view that women would not make good doctors, she inspired other women to follow in her path. She also inspired men to see women as capable of becoming doctors, at a time when doing so was unheard of. By this inspiration of such important ideas and revolutionary movements, Elizabeth Blackwell was a leader that left the world significantly changed. Blackwell’s legacy is that significantly changed world: a world in which women can enter medical schools and not have to fear being turned down because of such a trivial thing as gender.
Elizabeth Blackwell is important in history because she brought about a new era in medicine and because of this, today the number of female doctors is almost equivalent to the number of male doctors. Her efforts were the beginnings of a movement that would change the culture and social norms of the entire world.
Primary
Anthony, Susan B. "The Status Of Woman, Past, Present, And Future." Status Of Woman, Past, Present, & Future (2009): 901. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
This is a letter by Susan B Anthony about women in society, and how people like Elizabeth Blackwell are working to improve women's lives. This will help me to see the bigger movement Elizabeth Blackwell was a part of, and provide some information on her legacy.
Blackwell,Elizabeth. "Pioneer work in opening the medical profession to women". Schocken Books (1977).
This is a book of autobiographical sketches written by Elizabeth Blackwell. This will help me to have a firsthand account of her life, with a specific focus on her career in medicine. This source was crucial to my understanding of Elizabeth Blackwell and her life because it provided a clear view of all of her thoughts and actions.
Blackwell, Elizabeth. and Haydock, Robert. and Lollines, Stacy. "First annual report of the new york dispensary for poor women and children." (1855).
This is a report on the successes and failures of the dispensary which Blackwell helped found. This provides me with evidence about Blackwell's actual medical work.
Blackwell, Elizabeth. "The laws of life with special reference to the physical education of girls: women and children first; 16." Garland publishing, inc. (1986).
This is a set of lectures given to a group of women students by Elizabeth Blackwell on the importance of physical education. This will help me to get a firsthand view of Blakwell's opinions and views.
"Elizabeth Blackwell, First Female Physician." Medicine, Health, and Bioethics: Essential Primary Sources. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 208-210. Biography in Context. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
This is a speech presented by Charles Alfred Lee to the graduating class of Geneva Medical School. He mentions Elizabeth Blackwell specifically. This will help me to get a view of how people of her own time viewed Elizabeth Blackwell. This shows the momentous significance Blackwell's graduation had.
"Elizabeth Blackwell's letter to Baroness Anne Isabella Milbanke Byron." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 18 Dec. 2014.
This is a letter by Elizabeth aback well to Anne Isabella Milbanke about women's rights. This will help me to get a better view of the Blackwell's opinions, directly from her.
"Elizabeth Blackwell: quote on women." Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 18 Dec. 2014.
This quote from Elizabeth Blackwell will help me to gain insight to her opinions on women, especially women in medicine.
St. Paul daily globe. (Saint Paul, Minn.), 01 May 1892. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90059522/1892-05-01/ed-1/seq-13/>
This is a newspaper documenting the accomplishments of Elizabeth Blackwell. This will help me to see the impact of Blackwell's career in a region that was not her own.
The commoner. (Lincoln, Neb.), 08 Aug. 1902. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/46032385/1902-08-08/ed-1/seq-9/>
This is a newspaper containing a story about Elizabeth Blackwell.
The Wichita daily eagle. (Wichita, Kan.), 26 April 1903. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014635/1903-04-26/ed-1/seq-22/>
This is a newspaper article detailing the life of Elizabeth Blackwell.
Secondary
"Blackwell, Elizabeth." Britannica Biographies (2012): 1. MAS Ultra - School Edition. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.
This is a general biography of Elizabeth Blackwell. This will help me to compare and contrast the different vantage points several authors have taken on her life, when compared to the other biographies that I have collected.
"Blackwell, Elizabeth (1821-1910)." Scientists: Their Lives and Works. Online ed. Detroit: U*X*L, 2006. Discovering Collection. Gale. De La Salle High School. 12 Dec. 2014
This is a biographical article on Elizabeth Blackwell, which outlines the major events of her life, with a specific focus on what events and things related to her life add to her legacy. This will help me to fully develop my project with regards to Elizabeth Blackwell's legacy.
Borst, Charlotte G., and Kathleen W. Jones. "As Patients And Healers: The History Of Women And Medicine." OAH Magazine Of History 19.5 (n.d.): 23. Science Reference Center. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.\
This is a magazine article which focuses on the history of women in medicine. This will help me to get a broad and general knowledge of not only Elizabeth Blackwell, but also other women in medicine.
Boyd, Julia. "Florence Nightingale And Elizabeth Blackwell." Lancet 373.9674 (2009): 1516. Advanced Placement Source. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.
This article recounts the achievements of Florence Nightingale and Elizabeth Blackwell. This will be very useful to my topic because Florence Nightingale and Elizabeth Blackwell were two women dong similar things during the time of the Civil war. This will help me to compare the two of them, and then come to a better understanding about what information about Elizabeth Blackwell is the most unique and relevant to my project.
De Angelis, Gina. "Chapter 1: ELIZABETH BLACKWELL." Science & Medicine (0791051439) (1999): 10. Science Reference Center. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
This is an article originally found in a Science and Medicine textbook which looks at the life of Elizabeth Blackwell, and also the impact she had on the movement of women in medicine.
"Elizabeth Blackwell." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (2013): 1. MAS Ultra - School Edition. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.
This is an encyclopedia reference of Elizabeth Blackwell and her life. It will help me to gauge the amount of information the average person knows about her, and how I can expand from that to create a better rounded project.
"Elizabeth Blackwell." Contemporary Heroes and Heroines. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale, 2000. Biography in Context. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
This is another broad biographic article on Elizabeth Blackwell. It is another good article for me to start with, as it will help me to learn the key facts of Elizabeth Blackwell's life.
"Elizabeth Blackwell." World of Health. Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
This is an overview and biographical article of Elizabeth Blackwell. This helped me to get a good general understanding of the timeline of her life.
Haven, Kendall F. Voices Of The American Civil War : Stories Of Men, Women, And Children Who Lived Through The War Between The States. Greenwood Village, Colo: Libraries Unlimited/Teacher Ideas Press, 2002. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
This is a book which features the explores the lives of many people in the Civil War. Elizabeth Blackwell is included in several parts of the book. This book will help to gain a bigger perspective of not only the women's movement in the Civil War, but also the Civil War in general.
Kirschmann, Anne Taylor. "A Vital Force : Women In American Homeopathy". New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2004. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
This is a book that outlines the importance of women in medicine. This source is important to my project, because it focuses specifically on the scientific and moral views of Elizabeth Blackwell, which will help to focus specifically on her importance.
Radloff, Leslie Greaves. "Who Says Women Can't Be Doctors? The Story Of Elizabeth Blackwell." Library Media Connection 32.2 (2013): 88.Advanced Placement Source. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.
This is a review of a book about the life of Elizabeth Blackwell. It takes into account the historical accuracy of the book, and will help me to get a better understanding of the general accuracy of information about Elizabeth Blackwell.
Rebman, Renee C. "Elizabeth Blackwell: The First Woman Physician." Plays - The Drama Magazine For Young People 55.7 (1996): 53. MAS Ultra - School Edition. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.
This is a play based on the life of Elizabeth Blackwell. It will help me to view her life and accomplishments from the point of a more secular and entertaining view
Robertson, James I., ed. Medical and Surgical History of the Civil War. Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1991; Schultz, Jane E. Women at the Front: Hospital Workers in Civil War America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
This is an article about military hospitals in the Civil war. This will help me to get a better understanding of the medical environment and culture of Elizabeth Blackwell's time.
Simonis, Doris A., and Caroline Hertzenberg. Scientists, Mathematicians, And Inventors : Lives And Legacies: An Encyclopedia Of People Who Changed The World. Phoenix, Ariz: Oryx Press, 1999. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
This is a book is an Encyclopedia of influential people in the world. This book will help me to see Elizabeth Blackwell's influence in comparison to other influential people of he time period.
Smith, Stephens. "The medical co-education of the sexes." (1892).
This is a brief commentary on the introduction of women to medicine. This will help me to see the beginnings of women in medicine from a civil war era man's point of view.
Tabor, Margaret E. "Pioneer women". Series two. Sheldon Press: (1927)
This is a book which recounts the medical careers of Elizabeth Blackwell and other women within the Civil war timeframe. This will help me to learn more about other women physicians of Blackwell's time.
Wayne, Tiffany K. "Women in Medicine." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 18 Dec. 2014.
This is an article about Women in Medicine. This will help me to get a greater overview of the time period, and the movement overall.
Weissmann, Gerald. "Women Will Not Be What They Are Now"--Elizabeth Blackwell Breaks The Bonds." FASEB Journal 21.9 (2007): 1943-1947. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Dec. 2014.
This is an article about Elizabeth Blackwell's legacy. This will help me to have a more rounded view of her legacy. This article also includes quotes from Blackwell, which will help me to get a good view of her personality.
Images
"A drawing shows Elizabeth Blackwell during n operating class at the Women's Hospital and Infirmary..." Medicine, Health, and Bioethics: Essential Primary Sources. Ed.K.Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Web. 14 Feb. 2015.
This is a drawing by someone observing a class at the Women's hospital created of Elizabeth Blackwell and the class.
"Anatomical lectures at the woman's medial Cleve of the New York infirmary, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, April 16, 1870." National Library of Medicine. Changing the face of medicine gallery. Retrieved from: https://www.hlm.nih.gov/chagingthefaceofmedicine/gallery/photo_35_2.html
This is a drawing of a class at the hospital Elizabeth Blackwell started.
"Anti-Slavery Poster". HistoryMartinez.Wordpres.com. Antebellum Reform, Abolitionist&Women's movements (PowerPoint). Retrieved from: https://history martinet.wordpress.com/2011/12/09/antebellum-reform-abolitionit-womens-movements-PowerPoint/
This is an anti-slavery poster, advertising an abolitionist meeting. I can use this to show what antebellum America was like.
"Elizabeth Blackwell." Photos/Illustrations. Library of Congress. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 18 Dec. 2014.
This is a picture of Elizabeth Blackwell, that I can use in my project as a visual aspect.
"Elizabeth Blackwell." Gale Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Biography in Context. Web. 14 Feb. 2015.
This is a photo of Elizabeth Blackwell in her older years. I can use this picture to show Blackwell's legacy.
"Elizabeth Blackwell and her adopted daughter Kitty, ca. 1905". National Library of Medicine. Changing the face of medicine gallery. Retrieved from: https://www.hlm.nih.gov/chagingthefaceofmedicine/gallery/photo_35_6.html
This is an image of Blackwell an her adopted daughter.
"Elizabeth Blackwell and her daughter Katherine 'Kitty' Barry Blacwell at home in the study, ca. 1905". National Library of Medicine. Changing the face of medicine gallery. Retrieved from: https://www.hlm.nih.gov/chagingthefaceofmedicine/gallery/photo_35_4.html
This is an image of Blackwell and her daughter.
"Elizabeth Blackwell, ca. 1855." National Library of Medicine. Changing the face of medicine gallery. Retrieved from:https://www.hlm.nih.gov/chagingthefaceofmedicine/gallery/photo_35_7.html
This is an image of Elizabeth Blackwell. I can use this as a visual aspect of my website.
"Elizabeth Blackwell, Circa 1850." Gale Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Web. 14 Feb. 2015.
This is a picture of Elizabeth Blackwell early in her career.
"Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D." National Library of Medicine. Changing the face of medicine gallery. Retrieved from: https://www.hlm.nih.gov/chagingthefaceofmedicine/gallery/photo_35_1.html
This is an image of Elizabeth Blackwell I can I can use for my website.
"Geneva Medical College". Geneva Medical College.wikipedia.org. Retrieved from: https://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Medical_College.html
This is a drawing of Geneva medical college.
"La maternite de Paris" Delauny, Paul. Paris: Jules Rousset, 1909. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/Blackwell/career.html.
This is an image of the school Blackwell attended in Paris.
"St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London." National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/Blackwell/career.html.
This is a picture of the hospital Blackwell worked and learned at in London.
"The anatomy lecture room at the Woman's Medical College of New York Infirmary." National Library of Medicine. Library of Congress. 16, April 1870. Retrieved from: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/Blackwell/career.html.
This is drawing of the anatomy lecture room.
"The Blackwell Family, 1907". National Library of Medicine. Changing the face of medicine gallery. Retrieved from:https://www.hlm.nih.gov/chagingthefaceofmedicine/gallery/photo_35_3.html
This is a picture of the Blackwell family.
"The Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary. [Announcement, 1868-1869] New York, 1868" National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/Blackwell/career.html.
This is the flyer of the announcement of the Woman's Medical College.
"Women rights movement." HistoryMartinez.Wordpres.com. Antebellum Reform, Abolitionist&Women's movements (PowerPoint). Retrieved from: https://history martinet.wordpress.com/2011/12/09/antebellum-reform-abolitionit-womens-movements-PowerPoint/
This is a picture of women in the women's rights movement. I can use this to show what antebellum America was like.
Audio
"Beethoven: Moonlight Sonata, movement 1" A-M Classical Music. Retrieved from: http://www.amclassical.com/piano/